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The epidemic of opioid abuse affects millions of people worldwide, but researchers know surprisingly little about the molecular changes caused by opioids in the human brain. A new study, which appears in Biological Psychiatry, published by Elsevier aims to better understand those molecular events; showing that genes are expressed differently in the brains of people with opioid use disorder (OUD) compared to those not using opioids.
“These changes may explain not only the addictive properties of opioids but what ultimately causes harm to the brain and the person suffering with opioid use disorder,” said Ryan Logan, PhD, an Associate Professor at Boston University’s School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA and senior author of the study.
“These gaps in our understanding of opioids’ actions in the brain limits our ability to develop more effective therapies,” Dr. Logan explained. “To address this, we employed new methods to identify novel molecular players directly in the brains of people who struggled with opioid use disorder.”
Dr. Logan and his team obtained autopsy brain tissue from 20 subjects with OUD and chronic opioid use, and 20 without a history of opioid use. To identify differing patterns of gene expression, they used RNA sequencing (RNAseq), a technique that reflects how strongly genes are being expressed in a given tissue. RNAseq of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens, two brain areas strongly associated with addiction pathophysiology, showed that certain genes were expressed differently in people with OUD compared to controls. The affected genes fell into two broad categories: genes encoding proinflammatory immune molecules; and those involved in remodeling of the extracellular matrix, which suggests that connections between neurons may have been altered by opioid use. The results also indicated that the brain’s resident immune cells, called microglia, were present at higher levels in the brains of people with OUD.
High transcriptional concordance reveals commonly altered molecular pathways between brain regions associated with opioid dependence
(A) RRHO plot indicating high degree of overlap, or transcriptional concordance, between the DLPFC and NAc in subjects with OUD. (B) Venn diagram of DE transcripts between the DLPFC and NAc. (C) DE transcripts (purple lines) and their ontology (light blue lines) highly overlapped (orange) between the DLPFC and NAc. (D) Top 20 pathways of DE transcripts shared between the DLPFC and NAc. Many of these pathways are related to extracellular matrix and neuroinflammatory signaling. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; DE, differentially expressed; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; MAP, mitogen-activated protein; mRNA, messenger RNA; NAc, nucleus accumbens; NFκB, nuclear factor-κB; NIK, NFκB-inducing kinase; OUD, opioid use disorder; RRHO, rank-rank hypergeometric overlap; TGFβ, tumor growth factor β; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α.
“We discovered several important molecular pathways that are integral in mediating the consequences of chronic opioid use on the brain. These molecules are responsible for shaping and maintaining the local environment required for neurons to function properly, as well as molecules critical for local inflammation that may impact the brain’s response to opioids. Together, these players represent new targets in both the pathology and treatment of opioid use disorder,” said Dr. Logan.
John Krystal, MD, Editor of Biological Psychiatry, said of the study: “The deeper we understand opioid use disorders, the more complex is the biology that emerges. This study highlights that opioid dependency is associated with expected changes in markers of neural response and plasticity, but also with neuro-inflammatory changes associated with microglia. These findings suggest important new directions that can be followed in larger studies and that broaden our view of the neurobiology, and potentially treatment, of opioid use disorder.”
Source – Elsevier
